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A torque converter in modern usage, is normally a fluid coupling which is used in order to transfer rotating power from a prime mover, for instance an internal combustion engine or an electrical motor, to a rotating driven load. Similar to a basic fluid coupling, the torque converter takes the place of a mechanized clutch. This enables the load to be separated from the main power source. A torque converter can offer the equivalent of a reduction gear by being able to multiply torque if there is a considerable difference between input and output rotational speed.
The most common type of torque converter utilized in automobile transmissions is the fluid coupling type. During the 1920s there was also the Constantinesco or likewise known as pendulum-based torque converter. There are various mechanical designs for always changeable transmissions which have the ability to multiply torque. For instance, the Variomatic is a type which has expanding pulleys and a belt drive.
The 2 element drive fluid coupling could not multiply torque. Torque converters have an part known as a stator. This alters the drive's characteristics during occasions of high slippage and generates an increase in torque output.
There are a minimum of three rotating components within a torque converter: the turbine, that drives the load, the impeller, that is mechanically driven by the prime mover and the stator, that is between the turbine and the impeller so that it can alter oil flow returning from the turbine to the impeller. Traditionally, the design of the torque converter dictates that the stator be prevented from rotating under whichever condition and this is where the word stator starts from. In point of fact, the stator is mounted on an overrunning clutch. This design prevents the stator from counter rotating with respect to the prime mover while still allowing forward rotation.
In the three element design there have been changes that have been integrated at times. Where there is higher than normal torque manipulation is considered necessary, modifications to the modifications have proven to be worthy. Most commonly, these modifications have taken the form of many stators and turbines. Every set has been meant to generate differing amounts of torque multiplication. Several examples consist of the Dynaflow that utilizes a five element converter to be able to generate the wide range of torque multiplication required to propel a heavy vehicle.
Even though it is not strictly a part of classic torque converter design, different automotive converters include a lock-up clutch so as to lessen heat and to be able to enhance cruising power transmission efficiency. The application of the clutch locks the impeller to the turbine. This causes all power transmission to be mechanical which eliminates losses related with fluid drive.
